MEDIA AND MATERIALS
In this chapter is on media and
materials; focused on the discussion includes real objects, models, printed
materials, free and inexpensive materials, field trips, and the devices used to
display visuals (chalk boards, multipurpose boards, copy boards, flip charts,
and more).
1.
MANIPULATIVES
Real objects- such as coins, tools,
artifacts, plants, and e some of the most accessible, in and involving
materials in educational use. They are known manipulative because students may
handle and inspect them. The gerbils that draw a crowd in the kindergarten, the
terrarium that introduces middle scholars to the concept of ecology, the
collection of Colonial-era coins, the frogs dissected in the college biology
laboratory, the real baby being bathed in the parenting class-these are just a
few examples of the potential of real objects to elucidate the obscure and
stimulate the imagination.
Real objects may be used as is, or
you may modify them to enhance instruction. Examples of modification include
the following:
- Cutaways: Devices such as
machines with one side. Cut away to allow close observation of the inner
workings
- Specimens: Actual plants,
animals, or parts there of preserved for convenient inspection
- Exhibits: Collections of
artifacts, often of a scientific or historical nature, brought together
with printed information to illustrate a point
Models are three-dimensional
representations of real objects. A model may be larger, smaller, or the same
size as the object it represents. It may be complete in detail or simplified
for instructional purposes.
- Computer Programs and
Manipulatives.
The recent addition of manipulatives
and student hands on materials included in computer software packages is an
exciting science CD-ROM series that combines the power of technology with the
effectiveness of hands-on manipulatives is available in an all-in-one
easy-to-use kit. Science Court Explorations, designed for grades 2-4, is an
extension of Tom Snyder Production’s award-winning Science Court series.
Science Court Explorations comes
with a hybrid Mac/Win CD- ROM, a class set of manipulatives (enough for six
cooperative learning teams), and a comprehensive teachers guide with
reproducible worksheets and take-home activities.
1.
FIELD
TRIPS
The field trip, an excursion outside
the classroom to study real processes, people, and objects, often grows
out of students’ need for firsthand experiences. It makes it possible for
students to encounter phenomena that cannot be brought into the classroom for
observation and study.
Examples of field trips include a
trip of a few minutes into the schoolyard to observe a tree, a trek across the
street to se construction work, or a longer trip of several days to tour
historical locations. Popular field trip sites include zoos, museums,
public buildings, and parks. Dale’s Cone of Experience places field trips
toward the middle of the cone because, although the experience is “real,”
students typically are only seeing and hearing the phenomena, not directly
manipulating them. Virtual field trips are an extension of actual field trips.
Often the expense or the time to travel to a particular interesting location is
not possible.
1.
PRINTED
MATERIALS
Printed materials include textbooks,
fiction and non-fiction books, booklets, pamphlets, study guides, manuals, and
worksheets, as well as word processed documents prepared by students and
teachers. Text books have long been the foundation of classroom instruction.
The other forms of media discussed in this book are frequently used in conjunction
with and as supplements to printed materials.
1.
Advantages
- Availability
- Flexibility
- Portability
- User friendly
- Economical
1.
Limitations
- Reading level
- Prior knowledge
- Memorization
- Vocabulary
- One-way presentation
- Curriculum determination
- Cursory appraisal
1.
Integration
The most common application of
printed materials is presenting content information. Students are given reading
assignments and are held accountable for the material during class discussions
and on tests. Teacher made handouts can also complement a teacher’s
presentation, or students may use them as they study independently.
1.
Utilization
When using printed materials for
instruction, one of the main roles of the teacher is to get learners actively
involved with the material. One technique is to have students use the “SQ3R”
method: survey, question, read, recite, and review. Survey requires students to
skim through the printed material and to read the overview and or summary. In
the question step they write a list of questions to answer while reading. In
the read stage students are encouraged to look for the organization of the
material, put brackets around the main ideas, underline supporting details, and
answer the questions written in the previous step. Recite requires them to test
themselves while reading and to put the content into their own words. Review
suggests that the students look over the material immediately after reading it,
the next day, a week later, and so on (Robinson, 1946).
1.
FREE AND
INEXPENSIVE MATERIALS
With the ever-increasing costs of
instructional materials, teachers and trainers should be aware of the variety
of materials they may obtain for classroom use at little or no cost. These free
and inexpensive materials can supplement instruction in many subjects; they can
be the main source of instruction on certain topics. for example, videotapes
are available for loan without a rental fee; the only expense is the return
postage. By definition, any material that you can borrow or acquire permanently
for instructional purposes without a significant cost, usually less than a
couple of dollars can be referred to as free or inexpensive.
The types of free and inexpensive
materials are almost endless. The more commonly available items include
posters, games, pamphlets, brochures, reports, charts, maps, books, audiotapes,
videotapes, multimedia kits, and real objects.
1.
Advantages
- Up to date
- In-depth treatment
- Variety of uses
- Student manipulation
1.
Limitations
- Bias or advertising
- Special interest
- Limited quantities
GPO Access provides a number of
useful, free tools, called:
1.
Find and order products available
for sale through the Super intendant of documents
2.
Explore links to free, official
federal information available electronically
3.
Search more than 1,350 official U.S.
federal agency and military internet sites using keywords.
1.
Obtaining Materials
When you have determined what
you can use and where you can obtain it, write to the supplier; some agencies
will not supply free and inexpensive materials unless you write on school or
company letterhead. For classroom quantities (when they are available), send
just one letter. Do not have each student write individually. If a single
student is requesting one copy of something for a class project, the student
can write the letter, but you should also sign it. We recommend that you
request a preview copy of the material before requesting multiple copies.
1.
Appraising Materials
As with any other types of material,
appraise the educational value of free and inexpensive materials critically.
Some are very slick (technically well presented) but not educationally sound.
Use the appropriate “Appraisals Checklist” for the type of media (printed
material, videotape, etc.) you appraising. All the “Appraisal Checklist” forms
in this book have the rating criterion “Free from objectionable bias or
advertising.” Use it judiciously when reviewing free and inexpensive materials.
1.
DISPLAY
SURFACES
Classroom surfaces commonly used for
display or visuals include chalkboards, multipurpose boards, copy boards,
pegboards, bulletin boards, cloth boards, and magnetic boards.
1.
Chalkboards
The chalkboard once called
blackboards’, they now come in a variety of colors, as does not chalk. A
chalkboard is such a common classroom item that instructors often neglect to
give it the attention and respect it deserves as in instructional device. Using
a chalkboard effectively requires conscious effort.
1.
Multipurpose Boards
Some classrooms are equipped with
multipurpose boards instead of chalkboards. These are also called whiteboards
or marker boards. As the name implies, you can use them for more than one
purpose. Their smooth, white plastic surface requires a special erasable marker
rather than chalk. Do not use permanent felt-tip markers. These markers may
permanently damage the surface. The white surface is also suitable for
projection of video, slides, and overhead transparencies.
In addition to their variety of
uses, these multipurpose boards have the advantage of being able to display
bright, colorful lines. At least eight different colors of markers are
currently available. They are dustless, so there is no chalk to get in your
clothes. These boards are preferred for use around computers because chalk dust
can harm computers and disks.
1.
Copy Boards
The copy boards, or electronic
whiteboard. This device make reduced-size paper copies of what is written on
the board. It looks like a smaller multipurpose board but many contain multiple
screens or frames than can be scrolled forward and backward. The special
feature of the copy board is that the frames can be copied in about 10 seconds.
The copy board is especially valuable for brainstorming sessions and for
summarizing group discussions.
1.
Pegboards
The pegboards it is particularly
useful for displaying heavy objects, three dimensional materials, and visuals.
Pegboards are made of tempered
Masonite with 1/8-inch holes drilled 1 inch apart. Pegboard material is usually
1/2-inch thick and comes in 4-by-8-foot sheets, which can be cut any size. You
can insert special metal hooks and holders unto the pegboard to hold books,
papers, and other objects. Various types of special hooks are available in most
hardware stores.
1.
Bulletin Boards
The team bulletin board implies a
surface on which bulletins-brief news announcements of urgent interest are
posted for public notice. A bulletin board is a surface of variable size and
shape made of a material that holds pins, thumbtacks, and other sharp fasteners
without damage to the board. In practice, bulletin board displays tend to serve
three board purpose: decorative, motivational, or instructional.
The decorative bulletin board is
probably the most common, certainly in schools. Its function is to lead visual
stimulation to the environment.
Displaying student worked
exemplifies the motivational use of bulletin boards. It fosters pride in
achievement, reinforcing students’ efforts to do a good job. It is also
relatively easy for you to create a display or student work. The third broad
purpose of bulletin boards is instructional, complementing the educational or
training objectives of the formal curriculum.
Criteria for evaluating your
bulletin boards.
- Emphatic
- Attractive
- Balanced
- Unified
- Interactive
- Legible
- Lettered properly
- Relative
- Durable
- Neat
1.
Cloth boards
Cloth boards are constructed of
cloth stretched over a sturdy backing material such as plywood, Masonite, or
heavy cardboard. The cloth used for the board may be of various types,
including flannel, felt, or hook-and-loop material. The most expensive cloth
board is made from book-and-loop material (such as Velcro). The book-and-loop
board has a fine but fuzzy surface composed of tiny, strong nylon loops.
1.
Magnetic Boards
Magnetic boards serve much the same
purpose as cloth boards. Visuals are backed with magnets and then placed on the
metal surface of the board. Magnetic boards, magnets, and flexible strips of
magnetic materials for use in backing are available commercially. Plastic
lettering with magnetic backing is available from teacher supply stores and can
be used for captioning visuals.
The major advantage of magnetic
boards is that maneuvering visuals is caster and quicker than with cloth
boards. For example, physical education instructors often use them to
demonstrate rapid changes in player positions. Magnetic boards also have
greater adhesive quality. Visuals displayed on a magnetic board are not likely
to slip or fall. They move only when you move them. Flip Charts a flip
chart is a pad of large paper fastened together at the top and mounted to an easel.
The individual sheets each hold a limited verbal/visual message and usually are
arranged for sequential presentation to a small group.
The most common use of flip charts,
though, is for the extemporaneous drawing of key illustrations and key words to
supplement a standup presentation. The lip chart is an extremely versatile,
convenient, and inexpensive media format. It requires no electrical power, has
no moving parts to wear out, can be used in a range of lighting conditions, is
portable, and requires only a marking pen as peripheral equipment.
Flip chart-size Post-It TM case pads
are available room 3M. These 25-by-30-inch self-sticking easel sheets come in
white or with a blue grid on white. The easel pads have a built-in
handle, a sturdy backing, and a cover flap to protect the sheets from
damage or flapping while in transit. The universal slots on the backing
attach to most easel stands. Each sheet peels off for quick posting or can be
flipped over the top of the pad.
1.
Exhibits
Exhibits are collections of various
objects and visuals designed to form an integrated whole for instructional
purposes. Any of the visuals discussed in this chapter, as well as models and
real objects can be included in an exhibit, and any of the display surfaces
discussed can contribute to an exhibit. Exhibits can generally be used
for the same instructional purposes and in the same ways as their individual
components are used. There are two types of exhibits-displays and dioramas. A
display is a collection of materials, whereas a diorama shows a
three-dimensional scene.
- Displays.
A display is an array of
objects, visuals, and printed materials. Most displays include
descriptive information about the objects or visuals shown. Instructional
displays are used in the classroom, in museums, and in many other settings.
- Dioramas.
Dioramas are static displays
consisting of a three-dimensional foreground and a flat background to create a
realistic scene. The foreground is usually a landscape of some sort with models
of people, animals, vehicles, equipment, or buildings. The naturalistic
background may be a photograph, drawing, or painting. The diorama is usually
contained within a box, with the sides of the box providing a backdrop. The
rear corners or the entire back may be rounded to provide an illusion of depth,
and lights can be added for a special effect.
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